There is truly only one perfect exposure to any kind of photo: the one which is very unique to your eyes. However, your camera photometer performs a big role in assisting you get a starting point for your image.
The fact is that cameras have never changed much in 20 years. But, the GoPro HD Helmet Hero has set the stage here. Nevertheless, an exposed image Is the one that mixes the correct amount of light that hits your film (or digital sensor) according to your current ISO.
You can have an array of f-stops and shutter speed combinations, but just one of those combinations will make an exposed image. Utilizing one f-stop or shutter speed over another changes possibly depth of field or freezes the action.
This brings up the question: "What's the distinction between shooting the photo using f/22 or f/2.8?" The answer is depth of field. The bigger the number, the more depth of field you are going to enter your photo, however on the other hand, you are compromising speed. Though the number is larger and you get more depth of field, your lens is actually closing and allowing less light in. This requires a longer exposure or longer shutter speed.
When should you use one setting over the other? It depends of what you are attempting to achieve in your photo and how quick your subject Is moving. All of the combinations above gives you an exposed photo, still, if you are shooting a fast moving fish and you pick f/22, then most likely you are going to end up with a blurry fish. Subsequently, if you are shooting a fast moving fish and choose f/2.8, then you are going to have certainly no depth of field.
Your distance to your subject is going to have a big role in depth of field as well. If you are adjacent to your subject (as you should be underwater), it will have a huge effect on depth of field than if you are further away. As a rule of thumb, if your lens Is focusing to infinity when you are focusing on a subject, you truly don't have to worry about depth of field.
In case you are close to the subject (eg: underwater), you then need to make compromises:
More depth of field needed: go with a higher f-stop.
Less depth of field needed: go with a lower f-stop.
Fast moving fish: go with a lower f-stop (faster shutter speed).
Slower moving fish or non moving objects: choose a bigger f-stop (slower shutter speed).
When you are using strobes (as most of us do underwater), then you have more choices since you can adjust their intensity to meet your lighting needs.
For instance With My GoPro HD Helmet Hero Review:
Imagine I'm diving at 40 feet. I measure the green water and it gives me f/8 at 1/125th. I would begin by shooting at that, and then:
In the event that I'm happy with the depth of field yet would like further ambient light (lighter background), then I would leave my selected f-stop and reduce my shutter speed until I get the ambient light I wanted.
If I'm happy with the depth of field but I would like a darker background, then I would increase my shutter speed and increase the maximum flash sync speed of the camera.
Finally, keep in mind that if you are shooting with strobes utilizing the GoPro HD Hero, you are going to be restricted by your strobe's sync speed. The truth is that when we are underwater, we always deal with loss of light starting at extremely shallow depths, so this last point is not really a problem in 99.99% of the cases.
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